House Air Conditioning Options: A Comprehensive Guide
Intro
As temperatures rise and climates shift, the need for effective air conditioning solutions becomes more prominent, especially among homeowners eager to maintain comfort within their dwellings. Selecting the right air conditioning system is not just about keeping cool; it’s about creating a livable environment that enhances the overall quality of life. In this article, we explore a diverse range of air conditioning options available today, while meticulously breaking down their functionalities, benefits, and essential considerations for installation.
Whether you reside in a cozy bungalow or a spacious suburban home, there is a climate control system that fits your unique requirements and budget. The aim here is to equip you with comprehensive insights, enabling you to navigate the intricate landscape of air conditioning choices. Through this exploration, we aim to bridge the gap between comfort and energy efficiency, ensuring every homeowner can enjoy an optimal living space without breaking the bank.
Design Inspiration
Air conditioning systems have evolved beyond mere functionality; they now integrate seamlessly with home design, enhancing aesthetics while providing comfort. The design landscape of air conditioning has seen notable transformations, encouraging homeowners to consider not only 'what works' but also 'what looks good.'
Trending Styles
In recent years, minimalist designs have gained traction, where sleek units blend into the architecture of the room. Wall-mounted systems offer a contemporary flair, showcasing clean lines without overwhelming the visual space. Consider opting for units that come in various finishes, such as matte black or brushed aluminum, providing additional style without compromising functionality.
Moreover, some air conditioning systems now come adorned with smart technology features that seamlessly integrate with home automation systems. These can be remotely controlled via apps, which makes adjusting the temperature as easy as a few taps on your smartphone. Smart design in air conditioning allows for aesthetic appeal while fostering energy conservation.
Color Palettes
The color palette you choose for your air conditioning unit is equally significant. Classic white remains a popular choice, catering well to most décor. However, integrating a more bold color can make a statement. Opt for units that match or complement your walls or furniture for a cohesive look, or perhaps go for an accent color to stand out elegantly. Using adaptable colors and textures in air conditioning design can enhance the room while ensuring the system remains functional.
Practical Tips
Selecting and maintaining an air conditioning system involves a few practical considerations that homeowners must keep in mind to ensure optimal performance.
Maintenance & Care
Keeping your air conditioning unit in prime condition is akin to looking after any vital appliance in your home. Regular maintenance is essential. This means cleaning or changing filters monthly, ensuring there’s no dust buildup, which can affect efficiency and air quality. Additionally, scheduling annual professional inspections can prevent small issues from escalating into costly repairs.
Proper maintenance not only increases the lifespan of your air conditioning system but also optimizes its energy efficiency, translating to savings in utility costs.
Budgeting & Planning
Budgeting for air conditioning is more complex than the initial purchase price. It’s essential to account for installation costs, ongoing maintenance expenses, and potential utility bill increases. Determine if you prefer a central air system or a series of localized units; each has its individual costs associated with installation and energy usage. Planning could involve setting aside a bit of your annual home budget specifically for climate control needs.
Some homeowners might consider financing options or energy rebates that can lighten the initial burden of investing in a quality air conditioning system. A little forward planning can go a long way in ensuring your home remains comfortable throughout scorching months.
Prelims to House Air Conditioning
Air conditioning might seem like merely a luxury for some, but its significance in modern living is hard to overlook. Ever stepped into a room on a blazing summer day and found an oasis of cool, crisp air? That’s the magic of air conditioning systems. It not just elevates comfort but also has a profound impact on our daily lives—from improving sleep quality to maintaining productivity, particularly in our work-from-home era.
Importance of Air Conditioning in Modern Homes
In today’s fast-paced lifestyle, having a reliable air conditioning system is almost non-negotiable. The convenience of coming home to a comfortably cool environment can't be overstated. It allows families to enjoy quality time together indoors, regardless of the weather outside. Additionally, for those battling allergies or asthma, effective air conditioning can enhance air quality by filtering pollutants and allergens. An efficient air conditioning system can substantially boost a home's resale value, a factor that cannot be ignored when considering future investments.
- Comfort: Provides a consistent level of comfort in varying climates.
- Health: Helps minimize indoor allergens and other pollutants.
- Increase in Property Value: Enhances the appeal of your home.
Overview of Different Air Conditioning Systems
When it comes to air conditioning, there's no one-size-fits-all solution. Homeowners have a variety of systems to choose from, each with its own set of features and benefits. Understanding these options is key to making an informed choice that suits one's needs and budget.
- Central Air Conditioning: This is often the go-to for larger homes, providing consistent cooling through ductwork.
- Window Units: Economical and space-saving, window air conditioners cool single rooms efficiently.
- Portable Air Conditioners: Flexible and easy to move, these units cater to specific needs without permanent installation.
- Ductless Mini-Splits: Ideal for homes without ductwork, offering targeted cooling and heating.
- Smart Systems: These integrate with home automation technologies, allowing for remote control and energy monitoring.
As you explore these systems further in this article, keep in mind the value of tailoring your choice to your specific living situation, ensuring that you strike the perfect balance between comfort, efficiency, and cost.
Traditional Air Conditioning Systems
In this exploration of air conditioning options, we take a closer look at traditional air conditioning systems. While it’s easy to get swept up in the flashiness of modern solutions, there’s something to be said for the reliability and tried-and-true nature of traditional systems. These systems not only offer cooling solutions but also establish a comfortable indoor climate that can be tailored to personal needs and preferences. Understanding the nuances of traditional air conditioning can guide homeowners in making informed choices that align with their unique lifestyles.
Central Air Conditioning
How It Works
Central air conditioning systems operate using a network of ducts that distribute cool air throughout the home. The system typically includes an outdoor compressor unit and an indoor air handler. The compressor circulates refrigerant through the system, absorbing heat from the inside and venting it outside. This cohesive operation creates consistent cooling in multiple rooms, making it a favored choice for larger homes. However, one should keep in mind that this system requires substantial space for installation, as well as ongoing maintenance. If not cared for, it can lead to inefficiencies and elevated energy costs.
Advantages
The primary advantage of central air conditioning is its ability to cool an entire home uniformly. This creates a pleasant environment, especially in larger spaces where window units can struggle. Additionally, central systems can improve indoor air quality by using a filter, which helps remove dust and allergens from circulating air. Although these systems can be expensive upfront, homeowners find that the comfort and longevity justify the initial investment. Yet, installation complexity can deter some people from opting for this system.
Installation Requirements
Installing a central air conditioning system can be quite the undertaking. A professional assessment is typically necessary to determine the appropriate size and ductwork adjustments. This system is not a plug-and-play kind of deal; it's important to ensure that your home matches the specifications for such a setup. Furthermore, zoning controls might be needed to enhance the effectiveness of cooling by adjusting temperatures in different areas of the home. With some connections and duct assessments, upfront costs can escalate quickly. It is essential for homeowners to deeply consider their space and budget before committing to this route.
Window Air Conditioners
Features and Efficiency
Window air conditioners are perhaps the most recognized form of air conditioning. These units fit snugly into a window frame and take up minimal space. The efficiency of window ACs often rests on their Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER), which gauges how effectively they cool. Some boast advanced features like programmable timers and remote controls that offer convenience for users. However, despite their compact size and relatively low initial costs, their scope of cooling is limited to single rooms or small spaces, which can lead to the need for multiple units in larger homes, hence driving up inefficiencies.
Cost Considerations
When looking at costs, window units are generally budget-friendly. The price point of these units tends to appeal to those who might not have the cash on hand for significant installations. Moreover, since they are self-contained, homeowners can avoid additional ductwork expenses that systems like central air demand. However, it’s crucial to factor in ongoing energy costs, as these units can become a burden during sweltering months if used excessively. A careful analysis of one's cooling needs is essential to making the right choice here.
Best Use Cases
Window air conditioners shine in scenarios where cooling needs are confined to specific areas. They’re particularly popular in urban settings or smaller homes. Perfect for apartments and rooms that require occasional cooling, these units provide efficient options for short-term needs. For larger homes or for those who desire comprehensive climate control, relying solely on window units might not suffice. In these cases, it makes sense for homeowners to consider other alternatives.
Portable Air Conditioners
Mobility and Flexibility
Portable air conditioners bring the concept of cooling to a whole new level of convenience. These units are freestanding, allowing them to be moved from one room to the next or stored when not in use. Their flexible placement is often a draw for renters and those who don’t wish to commit to permanent installations. However, this mobility doesn't come without a trade-off; portable units typically have a higher noise level than their central or window counterparts, which might be a consideration for some.
Performance Analysis
With portable air conditioners, performance can vary significantly. Many models rely on a single hose to vent hot air outside, which can sometimes lead to decreased efficiency in larger spaces. It's vital for potential buyers to check the British Thermal Units (BTUs) ratings of a unit to ensure it can handle the room size it's intended for. While they do provide a decent solution for localized cooling, the question of energy consumption often looms large. Compared to central systems, you might find that they are not as economical over the long term.
Space Considerations
From a spatial standpoint, portable air conditioners require a dedicated area to both function and vent effectively. While a positive is that they take up far less space than window units when moved, the hose still needs a connection to the outside, which can lead to awkward setups in smaller or more cluttered environments. Evaluating where a portable unit can sit without serving as an eyesore or obstruction is an essential part of the decision-making process.
"Choosing the right air conditioning system is more than just a matter of comfort; it's about finding a solution that meets your unique lifestyle and home characteristics."
Understanding the features, advantages, and limitations of traditional air conditioning systems allows homeowners to navigate the climate control landscape effectively. By carefully weighing the options, one can establish a professional and cohesive environment that aligns with personal preferences and financial possibilities.
Modern Alternatives in Air Conditioning
In the quest for comfort at home, a variety of air conditioning technologies has emerged over the years, catering to different needs and preferences. Modern alternatives to traditional systems have gained traction, often because they offer greater flexibility, efficiency, and adaptability. As homeowners increasingly look for solutions that not only cool their spaces but also do so in an environmentally friendly and economically manageable way, these modern systems become pivotal in shaping the future of home climate control. Understanding these alternatives is essential for making an informed choice about the best air conditioning system for your home.
Ductless Mini-Split Systems
Operational Mechanics
Ductless mini-split systems operate through an outdoor compressor unit connected to one or more indoor air-handling units, providing localized heating and cooling. The convenience comes from their ability to independently set temperatures in various rooms without needing ductwork. Many homeowners appreciate this approach because it allows for precise climate control, fitting specific needs based on occupancy and usage.
A key detail is the refrigerant line running between the indoor and outdoor units that facilitates heat exchange. Unlike traditional systems that often waste energy in ductwork leaks, these systems target efficiency, ultimately providing homeowners with lower energy bills.
Advantages and Limitations
The main advantage of ductless mini-split systems is their energy efficiency. Since they eliminate the need for ducts, they can be much more efficient in terms of energy loss compared to central air systems. Additionally, they allow for zoning, meaning different rooms can be cooled or heated to different temperatures based on personal preference.
However, some limitations do exist. The initial installation costs can be higher than traditional systems, particularly for multiple indoor units in a larger home. Furthermore, in some cases, aesthetic concerns arise as the indoor units can be somewhat intrusive when installed in living spaces.
Installation Insights
When considering ductless mini-splits, understanding the installation process is crucial. Typically, installation requires a trained professional to ensure proper setup and functionality. The outdoor unit needs to be placed strategically to maximize efficiency while the indoor units can be mounted either on walls or ceilings.
One unique feature of these systems is the relatively low disruption to your home during installation. Unlike forcing ducts through walls, the process minimizes wall damage, often requiring only a small hole for the refrigerant line. Yet, finding experienced technicians familiar with these systems is key, as not all HVAC professionals may have the same expertise.
Smart Air Conditioning Systems
Technology Integration
Smart air conditioning systems leverage the power of technology, integrating often with home automation systems. These units can be controlled remotely through smartphones or smart home devices, giving users seamless management over their climate control settings.
A key characteristic is the adaptive learning capabilities that many of these systems offer. They can learn from your habits, adjusting temperatures when you are home or away, ultimately optimizing energy usage across various times of the day.
User Benefits
The primary user benefit of smart air conditioning is the increased convenience and comfort it brings into daily life. With features such as scheduling, remote access, and energy usage analytics, homeowners can keep their homes comfortable while remaining energy-efficient.
Moreover, many smart systems can work in sync with renewable energy sources, such as solar panels, to maximize efficiency and further reduce energy costs. The downside? They can come with a hefty price tag upfront, but for tech enthusiasts and eco-conscious users alike, the long-term savings often outweigh this initial investment.
Energy Efficiency Comparisons
When it comes to energy efficiency, comparisons of smart systems to standard units reveal significant differences. Smart air conditioners often have higher Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratios (SEER), indicating they convert more of the electricity they consume into cooling efforts.
A unique feature that enhances their efficiency is the utilization of variable speed compressors, which adjust to current cooling demands, using less energy when not at full load. However, the reliance on technology means that connectivity issues or system errors can lead to inefficiencies if not managed correctly, a concern for some homeowners who prefer simpler systems.
Modern air conditioning solutions like ductless systems and smart units ensure that comfort doesn't compromise efficiency—an essential consideration in today's eco-conscious world.
Energy Efficiency and Sustainability
Energy efficiency and sustainability are critical components in the realm of air conditioning, especially as concerns for the environment become more pronounced. Choosing an air conditioning system with these considerations can significantly decrease energy consumption and lower utility bills. Homeowners today are more conscious of how their choices affect not only their finances but also the planet. Thus, understanding the nuances of energy-efficient systems becomes paramount.
Understanding SEER Ratings
How to Interpret Ratings
SEER, or Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio, provides a clear picture of an air conditioning unit’s efficiency over an entire cooling season. This rating is derived by dividing the total cooling output by the total energy consumed, measured in watt-hours. A higher SEER value indicates a more efficient unit, making it a popular choice among energy-conscious homeowners. For instance, an air conditioning unit with a SEER rating of 16 means that for every watt of energy consumed, it provides 16 BTUs in cooling.
Understanding how to interpret these ratings can empower homeowners to select the right unit while also considering local climate conditions. Keep in mind that while a higher SEER rating can lead to energy savings, the initial cost of a high-efficiency unit might be steeper than a standard one. Still, over time, the reduced energy bills often offset this higher upfront expenditure.
Impact on Energy Costs
The impact of SEER ratings on energy costs is two-fold. First off, a unit with a higher rating usually translates to lower monthly bills. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, homeowners can save anywhere from 20% to 40% on energy costs with a more efficient unit. However, one should also consider local electricity rates and how often they run the unit, as these factors will affect the extent of savings.
Second, with the rising cost of electricity, choosing an energy-efficient system can shield homeowners from price fluctuations, essentially acting as a buffer against unexpected expenses. In summary, investing in a unit with a high SEER rating is not just an environmentally wise decision, but a financially savvy one too.
Eco-Friendly Air Conditioning Solutions
Refrigerants and Environment
The type of refrigerant used in air conditioning systems has a substantial impact on the environment. Traditional freon-based refrigerants have been scrutinized for their contribution to ozone depletion and greenhouse gas emissions. This has led to a significant shift towards eco-friendly alternatives like R-410A or R-32, which are much less harmful.
Switching to eco-friendly refrigerants can be beneficial since these options often provide greater energy efficiency and lower global warming potential (GWP). However, the unique feature of eco-friendly refrigerants is that they can be a bit more expensive initially, and not all existing systems are compatible with them. This adds a layer of complexity when homeowners consider upgrading their units.
Renewable Energy Integration
Integrating renewable energy sources with air conditioning systems is an attractive option for many homeowners. Solar panels, for instance, can be paired with air conditioning units to create a sustainable energy loop. This means that the power generated from the sun can directly offset the electricity usage of the air conditioner, greatly reducing energy costs and environmental impact.
One key characteristic of renewable energy integration is that, although it requires initial investment, the long-term savings and potential tax credits can be significantly rewarding. Furthermore, some local governments even offer incentives for homeowners who install solar systems. However, the downsides might include the need for suitable roof space and potential aesthetic concerns which some homeowners might want to take into account.
Installation Considerations
When it comes to house air conditioning, installation considerations cannot be overstated. This stage is crucial because it sets the foundation for how effective and efficient your system will be. An improper installation can lead to poor air quality, excessive energy consumption, and overall dissatisfaction with your climate control setup. The importance of understanding the nuances involved in installation means less frustration and more comfort down the road.
Assessing Your Home's Needs
Size and Layout Factors
The size and layout of your home play a pivotal role in determining what type of air conditioning system will work best for you. A key characteristic of considering size is understanding the BTU (British Thermal Unit) requirements for your space. Homes with high ceilings or open floor plans may require more BTUs to cool effectively. For instance, a cozy one-bedroom apartment with low ceilings may thrive on a small window unit, while a sprawling open-concept house may necessitate a central air system.
Often, homeowners overlook how layout affects air flow. When vents are placed improperly or obstructed by furniture, cooling becomes inconsistent. This can lead to trying to find respite in various corners of the home, only to realize that one room is an ice cube and another is a sauna. The uniqueness of each home’s layout certainly can make it a beneficial choice to learn about sizing.
Climate and Environment
Climate and environment represent another critical aspect of assessing your home’s cooling needs. If you reside in an area with high humidity, for example, a cooling system that efficiently dehumidifies the air can be exceptionally beneficial. The diverse climates across regions necessitate that homeowners choose systems tailored to their environment, impacting overall comfort.
In hotter climates, air conditioning isn't merely a luxury; it’s a necessity. Therefore, an HVAC system designed for heavy usage is typically a wiser investment, ensuring reliability for those sweltering summer months. The unique feature of climate consideration is that it directly correlates to homeowner satisfaction and energy efficiency. This contributes greatly to long-term cost savings and comfort enhancement.
Professional vs. DIY Installation
Pros and Cons of Each Approach
When exploring installation, the choice between professional installation and the DIY method comes into play. Each option offers various pros and cons that can sway your decision. Engaging professionals usually guarantees that the system will be installed per manufacturer specifications, ensuring that warranties remain valid. Additionally, experts can quickly identify any potential issues before they arise, saving you the headache later on.
Conversely, DIY installations appeal to many for cost-saving reasons. They can also offer a sense of satisfaction when successfully completed. However, the risk of improper installation can lead to more significant long-term costs due to inefficiencies or system failures. Therefore, weighing these factors is essential for deciding the right direction for your installation.
Safety and Compliance
Safety and compliance are paramount when considering air conditioning installation. Local building codes can differ widely; failing to adhere to regulations can result in fines or require costly alterations down the line. A critical characteristic here is ensuring all the necessary safety measures are in place—this means checking electrical work, refrigerant handling, and overall system integrity.
Hiring a professional typically helps navigate these waters, as they are keenly aware of the local laws. On the other hand, a DIY installation may risk overlooking safety protocols, especially for those without HVAC training. This could potentially lead to unsafe conditions; hence, it is worth contemplating deeply.
In summary, the path you choose for your air conditioning installation can dramatically influence its effectiveness and your peace of mind. With well-assessed needs, a clear understanding of the installation process, and a contemplation of safety and compliance, you can pave the way for exceptional comfort in your living space.
Maintenance and Care
Taking care of your air conditioning system is crucial for its efficiency and longevity. Like your car needs regular oil changes, your A/C unit demands careful attention too. Regular maintenance can save you from costly breakdowns and energy bills down the line. It’s much easier to prevent problems than to fix them once they arise, and that’s where routine maintenance shines.
Routine Maintenance Practices
Filter Replacement
One of the most straightforward yet effective maintenance tasks is filter replacement. Not only does a clean filter improve indoor air quality, but it also ensures your system runs smoothly. Typically, filters should be changed every one to three months, depending on usage and your environment. A notable aspect of filter replacement is its ability to boost efficiency, as clogged filters can force your A/C to work harder, leading to increased energy consumption.
The key characteristic of filter replacement is its straightforwardness—it’s a task that most homeowners can do themselves. This DIY nature makes it a popular choice in the realm of maintenance. In addition to enhancing air quality, changing filters regularly can extend the lifespan of your unit by preventing dust buildup on sensitive components. However, if you neglect this task, you might find yourself dealing with reduced airflow or even system failures. Therefore, making this a routine part of your home care can pay significant dividends.
System Inspection
Ensuring optimal functionality goes beyond just swapping out filters; regular system inspections are vital. An inspection typically involves checking refrigerant levels, examining ducts for leaks, and ensuring all components are in proper working order. This proactive approach helps catch small issues before they turn into large, costly repairs.
A key characteristic of regular system inspections is their thoroughness. Unlike filter changes, inspections often require more specialized knowledge or tools, making them less accessible for some homeowners alone. Despite this, a professional inspection can lead to enhanced efficiency and comfort in your home. Many HVAC professionals recommend scheduling a comprehensive inspection at least once a year, ideally before the summer heat arrives. The unique advantage here is early detection of issues, which ultimately saves money and stress.
Troubleshooting Common Issues
When everything is running hunky-dory, maintenance might feel less urgent, but issues can crop up at any time. Being able to identify and troubleshoot these problems is essential to keeping your home comfortably cool.
Identifying Performance Problems
Recognizing when your system isn’t performing as it should is the first step in troubleshooting. Signs might include uneven cooling, strange noises, or a spike in energy bills. You might be right to be suspicious if your living room is chilly but your bedroom is warm; that’s a telltale sign there might be an issue.
The significant aspect of identifying performance problems is awareness. It’s not just about noticing discomfort; it’s about understanding what those signs mean for your system. Being alert to these signs can help in early intervention, potentially saving you from a larger headache (and expense) later on.
Effective Solutions
Once you’ve pinpointed a problem, the next vital step is finding effective solutions. These can range from simple fixes like adjusting the thermostat or ensuring vents are unobstructed to more complex repairs that may necessitate professional assistance.
The beauty of effective solutions lies in their variety. There’s often more than one way to tackle an issue, allowing homeowners flexibility based on their capabilities and resources. However, it’s crucial to approach these solutions with some caution, as missteps could exacerbate the problem or create new ones. Adequate knowledge about your system helps immensely in choosing the right path to resolution.
"A stitch in time saves nine."
Remembering this adage applies perfectly here: addressing small maintenance tasks promptly prevents bigger problems from blossoming. Whether it's replacing a filter or scheduling an inspection, a proactive approach in caring for your system will ensure it serves you well for many summers to come.
The End and Future Trends
The world of air conditioning is evolving at a rapid pace, and understanding these changes is key for homeowners seeking to optimize their living spaces. In this section, we will reflect on the essential points covered in the article and also look forward to the advancements that are shaping the future of air conditioning technology.
Summary of Key Points
As we’ve explored throughout this article, there’s a rich tapestry of air conditioning options available today. From traditional systems like central and window air conditioners to modern alternatives such as ductless mini-splits and smart systems, each solution brings its own set of benefits and considerations. Here’s a brief recap of what we've covered:
- Importance of Air Conditioning: It plays a critical role in comfort and indoor air quality, making it a necessary component for modern households.
- Types of Systems: Different kinds of air conditioning systems were discussed, focusing on their mechanics, advantages, and best use cases.
- Energy Efficiency: An understanding of SEER ratings and eco-friendly options highlights the importance of sustainable practices in air conditioning.
- Installation Considerations: The content covered assessing home requirements, as well as the pros and cons of hiring professionals vs. DIY installations.
- Maintenance Tips: Regular upkeep and troubleshooting methods ensure that air conditioning systems remain efficient and functional.
"Staying informed about air conditioning options helps homeowners make decisions that not just suit their budgets, but also improve their quality of life."
Emerging Innovations in Air Conditioning Technology
The landscape of air conditioning technology is constantly shifting, driven by innovations that prioritize efficiency, comfort, and user convenience. Here are some key trends that are paving the way for future advancements:
- Smart Home Integration: The rise of smart technology has brought about systems that can be controlled from smartphones or integrated with home automation systems. This allows for customized settings, energy usage monitoring, and even predictive maintenance alerts.
- Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems (VRF): These systems offer superior energy efficiency by adjusting cooling or heating output based on real-time requirements. They are particularly advantageous in larger homes or commercial spaces, providing tailored climate control.
- Renewable Energy Solutions: With an increased focus on sustainability, we see more systems incorporating solar energy. This trend reduces reliance on traditional power sources and promises long-term savings on energy bills.
- Advanced Filtration Technologies: Innovations in filtration are improving air quality, reducing allergens, and creating healthier indoor environments. Systems equipped with HEPA filters or ultraviolet light purification are becoming increasingly popular.
- Geothermal Air Conditioning: This method utilizes the earth's consistent underground temperature to provide heating and cooling, showcasing a sustainable approach that reduces energy expenditure significantly.
As technology progresses, homeowners will have even more options at their disposal, allowing for greater control over climate conditions while supporting energy conservation practices. Staying ahead of these trends can be advantageous, not only for comfort but also for the longevity and efficiency of your air conditioning systems.
